通过动词变化来区分时间

通过动词变化来区分时间。

  • I am walking in the rain. 正在
  • I will walk in the rain. 将要
  • I walk in the rain sometings. 一般状态、重复、常态

一般现在时

表示：

  • 当前的一般状态

  • 重复或习惯动作

  • am/is/are（be 动词）：是，处于某状态

  • do/does（实意动词）：具体动作

(X): am/is/are + do/des 一般现在时不能 am/is/are 跟动词实意动词

一般现在时第三人称单音形规则

一般现在时第三人称单数动词需要变形，需要注意变形后的读音

  1. 清对清 /s/
    • works
    • helps
  2. 非清则浊 /z/
    • lives
    • sees
    • goes
    • does /dʌz/
  3. 组合 /dz/ /ts/
    • meets
    • needs
  4. 近似音 -es /iz/
    • introduces
    • fishes

现在进行时

当前正在发生的事情或动作，表示当前正在发生或者近将来。

  • I’m looking for a shirt.
  • I’m not taking it off.
  • Everyone is wearing the same shirt on the street!

结构

am/is/are doing

doing 形态

  1. 常规 a. look -> looking b. wear -> wearing c. do -> doing
  2. 词尾 e 不发音 a. take -> taking b. give -> giving c. exercise -> exercising
  3. 短元音 + 辅音 a. fit -> fitting b. sit -> sitting c. get -> getting

进行时含义

  1. 现在进行时 I’m looking for a shirt
  2. 近将来 I’m not taking it off!
  3. 临时的一种状态 I am working at the middle school. （暗示接下来可能不在中学工作）

稳定 VS 变化

一般状态：稳定、长期 现在进行：变化、临时

  1. Do you like hime? Are you liking him?
  2. I live in Shanghai I am living in Shanghai

稳定含义动词

稳定含义的动词一般不用现在进行时。

  1. 常规稳定含义：work,live,like,love
  2. be We are office workers.
  3. 感官 see/look/hear/feel
    • I see a guy sitting at the bar.
  4. 观点 think/believe

近将来：现在进行时 != 动作正在进行

  • At this time, Camila is arriving at the restaurant. 表示正要到达
  • He is coming 正要到达
  • He is finishing the homework. 就要做完了

一般将来时

未来的事件或动作。

例句：

  • I think I’ll work on Saturday.
  • Lisa and I are going to have a picnic on the beach.

结构

  1. will 引导(will not won’t /wəunt/)
    • ’ll = will /wil/ 将要
    • 类情态动词
    • will + 动词原形
    • will 无人称变化
  2. am/is/are going to 正在去做某事 -> 要去做某事

实质含义决定时态，时间状语非必要。

非一般将来时的将来

  • 情态动词
    • Can you be my hero?
    • May I come in?
    • You must study hard.
  • 自带将来含义的词
    • plan cn. What a good pan! v. He never plans anything for tormorrow.

一般过去时

动作发生于过去。

  • I walked in the rain yesterday.
  • They started yesterday.

一般过去时动词形变

规则变形：-ed

  • walked /t/
  • started /id/
  • seemed /d/

不规则形变

  • have/has -> had
  • be
    • am/is -> was /wɔz/
    • are -> were /wʒː/
  • find -> found /faund/
  • bring -> brought /brɔːt/
  • do -> did /did/
  • come -> came
  • take -> took
  • give -> gave

一般过去时音形规则

  1. 清对清 /t/
    • walked
    • helped
    • missed
    • stopped
  2. 非清则浊 /d/
    • seemed
    • turned
    • believed
    • studied
  3. /t/ /d/ 结尾特殊 /id/
    • started
    • wanted
    • needed
    • recoreded

过去时间

  • before
  • ago … 之前

时态：实质时间

可以不借助时间通过动词变形来表示时间。

一般过去之否定

be + not

wasn’t/weren’t

  • It is not in my pocket.
  • It was not in my pocket.

did + not

don’t/doesn’t -> didn’t do/did not do

一般过去之疑问

疑问原理同否定。

  • When did you start to have the signs?
  • Were you lost??
  • Did you have the signs of illness?

情态与时态

情态动词加动词原型，语境决定时间含义：

  • can
  • may
  • must
  • should
  • shall

You can/may/must/should/shall come.

  • have to 现在 Sorry, I have to leave now.
  • had to 过去 Sorry, I had to leave at that time.
  • will have to 将来 Sorry, I will have to leave soon.