副词 adv/adverb

是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 副词可分为：时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、表顺序的副词以及表完成的副词。

频率副词

  • always
  • usually
  • often
  • sometimes

about

表示大约大约修饰数量。

形容词 adj

形容词后缀 -ful

  • helpful
  • useful
  • thankful

形容词后缀 -ed

  • interested
  • excited

形容词后缀 -ing

  • interesting
  • exciting

动词 verb

情态动词

modal verb.

can(could)/may(might)/must/need/to/shall(should)/will(would).

动名词

形式 v.-ing 动词的名词化。

语法：名词 语意：动词

形变规则

特殊 1 -e：去 e 加 ing

  • live -> living
  • give -> giving

特殊 2 短元音 + 一辅音：重复最后一个字母加 ing

  • jog -> jogging
  • swim -> swimming

常规：直接加 ing

  • do -> doing
  • study -> studying

词性

I usually go swimming.

动词含义：抽象 动名词: ucn.

固定词组：

  • What do you do for a living?
  • How do you make a liveing?

常规用法

  1. 特殊动词 + 动名词
    • start
      • start doing sth.
      • start to do sth.
    • go + doing 表示去做某事。
      • go jogging
      • go swimming
      • go shopping
  2. 直接使用
    • 名词用法
      • I lkie swimming.
      • Swimming is my favorite.

系动词

系动词，也称连系动词（Linking verb），是用来辅助主语的动词。它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，其后必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 在英语中，系动词的功能主要是把表语（名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句）和它的主语联系在一起，说明主语的性质、特征、品性或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义，不能在句中独立作谓语，必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它虽是虚词，但是其用法很复杂，而且不可忽视。

  • He is quick.
    • He is quickly
  • He walks quickly.
    • He walks quick.

结构

v + adj. vs adv.

  1. He is quick (v. + adj.) adj. -> sb./sth. 形容词修饰人或物。 be quick 他 <- 是快的，他 <- 很快。
  2. He walks quickly (v. + adv.) adv. -> v. 副词修饰动作 走 <- 得快，快步 -> 走

v + adj: 系动词

S. + v. + adj.

v. + adj. -> S.

v + adv: 实意动词

系动词/实意动词 + n.

  • My name is Jake.
  • Can I have your name?
  • That sounds fun(ucn. 乐趣) That sounds funny(adj. 滑稽的)

介词 prep/preposition

表示名词、代词等与句中其它词的关系，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语，表示与其他成分的关系。

介词 + street

AmE(American English)

  • on the street/road 指地点在在 XXX 马路上
  • in the street/road 在马路中间

BE(British English)

  • in the street/road 通常情况下表示「在街上」
  • on the street/road 有些时候用 on 表示「在街上」

AmE & BE

具体到门牌号时用 at

It is at No.10 Downing Street.

介词 in/on 穿衣

  • on: 衣服在人身上 I think it looks prefect on you!
  • in: 人穿着衣服（在衣服里面） He is in the blue shirt.

介词 + 时间

介词 in/on 时间点

  • on: 具体落实到天
    • on Sunday
    • on Sunday afternoon
  • in: in the afternoon

介词 at 时刻

  • at 1pm/1 o’clock
  • 固定搭配 at night/noon

介词 in 时间段

刻意模糊，可以同时表达：

  • 在 … 之内
  • 在 … 之后

介词 at/on 周末

  • at/on weekends
  • at/on the weekend

无介词

  • every/all
    • What are busy at weekends.
    • What are busy every weekend.
    • What are busy all weekends.
  • this/that/these/those
    • See you on Sunday.
    • See you this Sunday.
  • next/last
    • I’ll not be free that morning.
    • I’ll not be free next morning.

介词 within 时间段

无歧义的表达「在 … 之内」。

介词 for 时间段表示持续

  • How long would you like to stay in our hotel
    • I’d like to stay for there nights.
  • How far is the hotel?
    • It will not be for long.

介词 at the bar 在吧台

at/in the bar 在酒吧。

介词 for prep. 为了

  • thanks for the/your help

介词 as 比较级

as 如同: Thanks, please go as fast as possible.

介词 past

  1. You can go/walk past the street.
  2. You can pass the street.
  3. 不能说：You can past the street

介词 across

  • It is across the street.
  • You can go/walk across the street.
  • 不能说：You can across the street.

介词 per 按每个

介词 at/in front

  • at the front dest/reception at the front dest
  • in front of: 方位 before
    • Hero is in front of the hotel.
    • Hero is standing in front of hotel.

介词 of VS for sb.

  • It is + adj. + of sb. + 不定式
    • That’s very generous of you to give me the free upgrade.
      1. adj. 修饰 sb. ：You are very generous。
  • It is + adj. + for sb. + 不定式
    • It is very important for us to learn English.
      1. adj. 修饰 不定式：To learn English is very important(不是 We are important)

介词 in bed

  • He is in bed. 卧床（生病、睡觉、休息）
  • He is in the bed. 在床上

介词 besides adv./prep. 除此之外

  • Besides, you need to drink a lot of water.
  • Besides that, you need to drink a lot of water.

介词 util prep. + 时间：直到 … 时间

  • You’ll have to stay in bed until next Monday.

介词 like prep.

  • You look like hime.
  • You sound like hime.
  • You are like him.
  • What does he look/sound like?
  • What is he like?

反身代词 pron.

你我他 + self（单数）/selves（复数）

第一、二人称 所有格 + self/selves

  • our -> ourselves
  • my -> myself
  • your -> yourself
  • your -> youselves

第三人称 宾格 + self/selves

  • himself
  • herself
  • themselves
  • itself

状语 conj.

条件状语

if 如果

主从颠倒，一般假设：主将从现。

  • 从现

    • If you take…, it will take you…
      • if（条件）状语主句
      • it: 主句
    • If it rains, I’ll stay home.
    • If you come, I will be very happy.
    • She won’t see you if you are late.

  • if 如果就会

    祈使句 and sb. will

    • If you exercise four times a week, You will be in great shape.

util conj. + 句子

  • You’ll have to stay in bed util it gets better.
  • 主将从现，类 if

原因状语

as

because

so